MTI

Shingara, Betel Nut, Diptheria and a Whole Lotta Love by Sarah Rawlins

28 Jan 2018

It is hard to believe that I arrived in Bangladesh almost 2 weeks ago. I’m back in that crazy time warp where it feels like I have been here for months and like I just arrived. It’s hard to explain the phenomenon unless you have experienced it yourself. I am already mourning my departure, as I know it will come all too soon. My days here are long but it is a good kind of long. I am reminded almost immediately how much I love this type of work.

I wake around 6 am to prepare for the day, load into a van around 7:30 and head out to Kutupalong camp (6 days a week). It takes 1hr plus to drive to our drop off point and another 30-45min to walk in to our clinic. The walks in and out of the camp are actually one of my favorite times of the day. Another colleague described the walks as an exhale. I would have to agree. The camp is constantly in motion, an anthill of activity where everyone has a job to do. Yesterday as we walked out of the camp for the evening we were constantly having to give way to children and adults hauling 20-30 foot long bundles of bamboo. The kids that were too small to carry the bamboo instead opted to drag it through the dirt, leaving snake like patterns in their wake. If you looked away or got distracted for five seconds it could mean getting impaled by a shoot of oncoming bamboo.

Kutupalong Refugee Camp-for as far as the eye can see.....

They Things They Carry.

Every day a new market, enterprise or home has sprung up; a new ditch dug, a road improved. I have been told that the winds are coming early and this means an early rain. The awareness of which sits like the smog of the Los Angeles basin, trapped by the heat and with no winds to move it. Unfortunately, the reality will be a perfect storm of disaster and disease. It will be an absolute nightmare with homes and latrines slip-sliding down cliffs and hillsides. Homes and bridges will be buried and swept away with sewage and garbage-filled water. I honestly don’t even want to think about it. It is almost too much to bear. I cannot imagine this being my reality. It is no wonder that people are using every possible minute of the day to prepare as best as they can for the oncoming storm.

'local business'

Stagnant water during the dry season--a taste of what is to come with the rains

This beautiful new road sprang up overnight!

As we enter the camp, the children greet us and wave. As we walk out they say ‘bye bye’, ‘ta ta’ and ‘thank you’ with different cheering sections for each. The ‘bye bye’ kids are the first to greet us as we depart the clinic. They are followed by the ‘ta ta’s and then the ‘thank you’ kids come near the end. We pass barber shops, pirata and shingara vendors (delicious, fried, samosa-like dough snacks), tea stands that sell pineapple cream cookies, hands down the best cookies in the camp, fish vendors selling baskets of both dried and fresh fish, abnormally large cucumbers and squashes, curry-color dusted peanuts and of course the local favorite, the betel nut leaf. The betel is a central nervous system stimulant and is chewed until your teeth become rust-red and then begin to fall out. It is not uncommon to hear people expectorating huge betel nut loogies. I have almost been bathed in the acidic juices on several occasions. Walking through the camp, one has to laugh at all of the saliva 'nut' trails, which cover the path.

Betel Nut preparation.

In order to arrive at the clinic we have to traverse up and down several sets of mud-carved steps and have to cross several bamboo bridges, all of which will be impassible once the rains arrive. The primary health care center is small, however rapid expansion efforts are underway. Currently we are treating minor burns and wounds, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, diarrheal diseases, malaria, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Diphtheria cases, severely ill patients, severely malnourished kids, mental health and patients requiring surgery or obstetrical interventions are all referred to other local actors. We probably transport 3-15 patients to nearby hospitals or specialized clinics daily. The acutely ill are carried in either on chairs and or in blankets tied to two bamboo poles. It is truly incredible to behold. The other day we had a patient with late stage leprosy, which proved to be a good teaching opportunity for the local, Bengali nurses. Diphtheria is fortunately decreasing, however we continue to see many mumps patients, both diseases I had never before seen. We probably see 200-260 patients a day at our primary health care clinic and satellite clinics combined.

I have the privilege of working with six Bengali nurses who are truly running the show. They are amazing and it will be up to them and the national Bangla physicians to run the clinic once everything is handed over. I’m trying to support them as best as I can, looking for any available opportunity to teach and to mentor. In the upcoming months, we hope to hire 30-40 more national nurses who will then staff our new primary health care centers along with the Bangla physicians. While each new day brings its own challenges and gifts, I have begun to find my routine. It is a routine that is both simple and complex, devoid of the distractions and often misguided priorities of life back home. You almost have to ask yourself which is real life….my life back home or the life here? A colleague of mine recently commented upon returning home, 'well, it's back to reality'. For myself however, I find that I need to ask, 'what really is reality'? Is it being able to eat a fresh salad and choose between 200 micro brew options, or is it the here and now? For the Rohingya, the daily reality of life is a reality that few back home can comprehend nor will ever experience. So then, how do we allow ourselves to become immersed in another's reality, a reality that sits in stark contrast to our own? For many, the answer is to ignore these parallel realities because for one, it is much easier and let's be honest, we are inundated daily with news that goes from bad to worse. It's the boy who cried wolf playing out in the form of school shootings, racial violence, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, landslides and flooding. Soon, one tragedy blends into another. We become blind and dare I say apathetic. But this is how we cope, because what is the alternative? How do we hold the tension of the weight of the world and not become so weighted down ourselves that we are unable to move; paralyzed by sadness and overwhelmed by the magnitude of an incredibly broken world? As hard as it is, I challenge us to not grow apathetic. Start by choosing one topic that gets your heart pumping and place your efforts and your voice here. Learn all that you can about this topic, engage your community, call your legislators, speak out and while you do this, don't forget to seek out the stories of hope, joy and restoration, which can be found embedded within the layers of injustice and pain. Without this reminder of goodness, the weight will become too much. And in everything, always remember to love. 

Blood Pressures & Babies by Sarah Rawlins

Spending so much time with pregnant woman here in the settlement and being so close to life and death on a daily bases has caused me to do a great deal of thinking, specifically about the differences between delivery in a country such as Uganda and the U.S; the differences not only in the delivery itself but also in the preparation leading up to the birth. Back home, we have the power and the knowledge to be in charge of our bodies (in most cases) from pre-conception to post-delivery. We can plan whether or not to become pregnant and after our urine dipsticks display a '+', we have nine months to fully prepare for the coming child. We order parenting 'how to' books, attend parenting classes and workshops, practice prenatal Yoga, consult with our friends who have gone before us, outfit the baby's room and line up friends who can deliver meals. Once the delivery gets closer we go to work in our search for the perfect  midwife and if we are lucky,  a doula as well. We visit birthing centers and hospitals and start choosing how and where we will bring new life into the world. Through every step of the process we are receiving routine antenatal care, which includes ultrasounds to tell us whether all is well inside the womb. In Africa, and many other areas of the world, women are never consulted about the decision of whether to get pregnant. Theirs is a life of subservience and reproductive surrender. There are no books for them to read or classes to attend on how to be a good parent, there is no one telling them what they should or shouldn't eat as the baby begins to grow inside their wombs. As their gestation period winds to an end, there are no ultrasounds, no fancy birthing suites and no pain medications. They do what their ancestors have been doing for millenia before them. They squat on a dirt or concrete floor and bring new life into the world. Their bodies know what to do and for many, both baby and mom come out of the experience healthy. The problem however, is that for the majority of women, this is not their story. According to the WHO, almost 800 women die from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications around the world every day, with 99% of maternal deaths occurring in developing countries (primarily Africa and areas of Asia and the Middle East). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/

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The Challenges of a Rural Outpatient Clinic by Sarah Rawlins

Although I am supposed to be here as a "Medical Expert" I often feel like I am the one being taught. As to be expected, I have been seeing lots and lots of children in the outpatient clinic. Not only do I work with adults back home but as a nurse I am not the one diagnosing and prescribing treatment regimens. Thus, anytime I do this type of work abroad it is incredibly challenging. In addition, each country has its own system for data recording and management. During my first day of seeing patients I completely failed at the paperwork portion of my task. Again, some "Medical Expert". It all came down to basic communication, which is actually quite challenging. While English is spoken amongst the health care workers and staff, the accent is so thick and the words used to describe things is quite different from what I am used to. Then you have the added challenge of working with an interpreter; which comically comes with the same set of challenges regardless of which country you are working in. How I wish that I could speak all languages! For whatever reason, the interpreters always seem to get more distracted, overwhelmed and exhausted and thus feel the need to take more breaks than the clinicians prescribing the care and seeing the patients. Translators also take it upon themselves to assume that they know what it is you want to ask the patient before the words have left your mouth, and I often doubt whether they are actually translating my instructions and questions versus communicating what they feel is best. Local translators get so used to working in their given context that they become the ‘doctors’, thus bringing the added stress of having to argue with and explain the bases for your medical decisions to those whose job is to interpret.

I also find that it is common across different cultures for mothers to bring their kids to the clinic for a wide variety of ailments that can readily be treated at home; such as the common cold/flu. Almost every child came in with complaints of fever and cough, however very few were actually running high temps and the majority of those kiddos tested positive for Malaria. The other kids had nothing more than a common cold, however the caregivers always insist that you prescribe antibiotics. There are many generalized, non-descript complaints for which there is little that I can do.  Many kids are in need of parasite treatment and meds for fungal and bacterial skin infections. Other kiddos come to the clinic with chronic and acute ear and eye infections and one kid today came in reporting tooth pain. When I looked into his mouth I saw that his two back molars were completely rotted out! Apart from the visiting ministry of health dentist who comes once a month, here is another example of a situation where I can do very little. 

Malaria! by Sarah Rawlins

Never before have I seen so many cases of Malaria! Probably 1/3 of the kiddos that I sent for testing today came back positive. What was even more shocking to me was the number of severe pediatric malaria cases. Unfortunately, the triage system is not so hot here (we will be doing some triage teaching for the staff next week). I am not sure how long this young boy had been waiting to be seen but while his mom held him, soaking wet from the fever he had just broke, a group of angry women vied for my attention, demanding that I see their kids who had ‘treat at home’ runny noses. It was obvious that this boy was not well. By the time I saw him, he was barely responsive. His RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) came back positive for a high load of falciparum trophozites (the strain of Malaria, which causes cerebral malaria). Until yesterday, I had never before seen a case of Cerebral Malaria. Now I have seen several cases; all in small children. Meanwhile, on my drives in and out of the settlement, I spot mosquito nets adorning chicken coops, rooftops and walls... 

Women begin to gather around the OPD as a pharmacist begins to distribute meds

Women begin to gather around the OPD as a pharmacist begins to distribute meds

What is Nakivale? by Sarah Rawlins

In 2008, UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) made the decision to resettle 40,000 refugees in the Nakivale settlement in NW Uganda, after fighting escalated in the North Kivu district of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Both the Nakivale and Oruchinga settlements were first established in 1959 by UNHCR, thus some families have been living on the settlement for over 50 years! UNHCR has now handed over all of the medical care to Medical Teams International which currently employees and trains all of the national staff in the 6 health centers spread across the settlement.

The settlements host refugees from 8 neighboring countries: DRC, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Kenya. Although Nakivale is a refugee settlement, Nationals are free to live on the land and take advantage of the services offered, such as schooling and healthcare. Although the concept seemed strange to me at first, I now understand that this policy ensures fair and equal treatment for both refugees and nationals, especially considering that many Ugandans were living on the settlement land far before UNHCR decided to take it over.  The settlement is divided into 21 zones and has 76 registered villages. In order to avoid tribal conflict, each zone is populated by a different ethnic group. The settlement encompasses 71 square miles and is now home to over 76,000 refugees.

On arrival, the refugees are first taken to a reception center where they are registered as asylum seekers until they go through the refugee eligibility committee. Once given a status as a refugee they are given a small plot of land and are provided with a ration card so that they can receive food from the World Food Program. They also receive basic supplies such as a plastic sheet, cooking pot, jerry can and a few small tools for land cultivation (Uganda has very welcoming policies for refugees. Most countries are not so generous).

Refugees lingering outside the Resettlement Office

Refugees lingering outside the Resettlement Office

Somali women waiting for refugee status updates to be posted on the UNHCR Notice Board

Somali women waiting for refugee status updates to be posted on the UNHCR Notice Board

The settlement is actually quite beautiful. It begins with fields of banana plantations and ends in a dry savannah-esqe valley that is littered with towering anthills, Acacia trees and cows with tusks that could easily impale a person.  The rust red road, which descends deep into the settlement, offers breathtaking views of Lake Nakivale. Supposedly the lake is home to a family of crocodiles, however rumor has it that their numbers have dwindled, along with the exotic snakes and local monkey population as the numbers of Congolese refugees have continued to increase. The joke goes, 

Meat is meat if you are Congolese.

A few iPhone and 'through the car window shots'